🔁 1. Ôn tập – 10 phút
🔁 Ôn thẻ từ vựng đến hạn
🧠 Nhớ lại buổi trước (không xem tài liệu)
- Câu chẻ: “What makes… is…” – nói 1 câu về tòa nhà bạn thích.
- Summary có hộp từ (chặng trước): bẫy là gì?
- “directly above” nghĩa là gì?
Trả lời to hoặc viết ra giấy, rồi mới mở lại buổi trước để kiểm tra.
📖 2. Đầu vào – 20 phút
Cooling without machines
(Bài đọc tự viết; kiến trúc sư, công trình và số liệu là giả định.)
A In many hot countries, air conditioning has become the default answer to rising temperatures. Yet it is expensive to run and consumes large amounts of electricity. A growing number of architects argue that buildings can stay comfortable with far less mechanical cooling if they are designed around the local climate – an approach known as passive design.
B The first principle is to stop heat entering the building in the first place. Orientation plays an important role: in tropical regions, buildings that face north or south generally receive less direct sun on their walls than those facing east or west, where the morning and afternoon sun is low and strong. Deep roofs, balconies and external shutters provide shade for windows, while light-coloured walls reflect a larger share of sunlight.
C The second principle is ventilation. Hot air rises, so openings placed high in a room allow it to escape, drawing cooler air in through lower windows. Many traditional houses in the region were built around a central courtyard, which encourages air to circulate through the surrounding rooms. Some modern designs copy this idea with narrow internal gardens or tall stairwells that act like chimneys.
D A third technique uses what engineers call thermal mass. Thick walls made of materials such as stone, brick or rammed earth absorb heat slowly during the day and release it at night, keeping indoor temperatures more stable. This works best in places where nights are significantly cooler than days; in very humid climates with warm nights, lightweight, well-ventilated structures may be more suitable.
E The fictional architect Linh Pham applied these ideas when designing a primary school in a hot inland province. The classrooms face north, the roof extends two metres beyond the walls, and each room has adjustable openings near the ceiling. According to her team’s measurements, indoor temperatures during the hottest weeks were several degrees lower than in a nearby school of conventional design, and fans were sufficient for most of the day.
F Pham does not claim that passive design can replace air conditioning everywhere. Hospitals and laboratories, for example, often need precise temperature control. However, she believes that combining passive techniques with small, efficient cooling systems could reduce energy use considerably, while making buildings more pleasant for their occupants.
Câu 1–8: Complete the summary. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- Passive design aims to keep buildings comfortable with less .
- To reduce heat gain, architects consider the building's , since east- and west-facing walls receive strong low sun.
- Windows are protected by deep roofs, balconies and external .
- Walls that are reflect more sunlight.
- Openings placed high in a room let hot air escape, while traditional houses often had a central to help air circulate.
- Thick walls provide , absorbing heat by day and releasing it at night.
- This technique is less suitable for where nights stay warm.
- In Pham's school, the roof extends beyond the walls.
✅ Câu 9–10
9. What did Pham's team find?
10. What is Pham's view of passive design?
🧩 3. Ngôn ngữ trọng tâm – 10 phút: đoán loại từ cho ô trống
| Ô trống | Trước/sau ô | Loại từ cần |
|---|---|---|
| with less ___ | sau less | danh từ không đếm được (mechanical cooling) |
| the building’s ___ | sau sở hữu cách | danh từ (orientation) |
| external ___ | sau tính từ, liệt kê với roofs, balconies | danh từ số nhiều (shutters) |
| Walls that are ___ | sau are | tính từ (light-coloured) |
| extends ___ beyond | sau động từ, chỉ khoảng cách | số + đơn vị (two metres) |
✍️ 4. Thực hành – 25 phút
- Trước khi xem đáp án, viết loại từ dự đoán cho 8 ô (5 phút).
- Với mỗi câu sai: ghi lý do – sai vùng / sai loại từ / chép sai dạng / quá số từ (10 phút).
- Nói 1–2 phút: nhà bạn hoặc văn phòng bạn có áp dụng thiết kế thụ động nào không? (10 phút).
💼 Dùng ngay – đọc hướng dẫn tiện ích tòa nhà (thêm 5–10 phút)
Greenview Tower – Tenant facilities guide (giả định)
- Bike storage: basement level B1, access with your key card, 6.00–23.00.
- Rooftop garden: open to all tenants Monday–Friday, 11.00–14.00; closed in heavy rain.
- Meeting rooms (L3): book through the tenant app at least 24 hours in advance; maximum 2 hours per booking.
- Air conditioning: switches off automatically at 19.00. For evening use, request via reception by 17.00 on the same day.
✅ Tìm thông tin
You want to hold a team lunch in the rooftop garden on Saturday. Is that possible?
You need a meeting room tomorrow at 9.00 for 3 hours. What's the problem?
You'll work late tonight. By when must you request air conditioning?
📚 Từ vựng của buổi
- passive design – thiết kế thụ động
Passive design reduces energy use.
- ventilation – thông gió
Good ventilation keeps rooms cool.
- insulation – cách nhiệt
Roof insulation reduces heat.
- thermal mass – khối nhiệt
Thick walls provide thermal mass.
- shade – bóng râm; che nắng
Balconies shade the windows.
- orientation – hướng (công trình)
The building's orientation matters.
- courtyard – sân trong
The rooms surround a courtyard.
- air conditioning – điều hòa không khí
Air conditioning uses a lot of power.
- facilities – tiện ích, cơ sở vật chất
The building has excellent facilities.
- occupant – người sử dụng (tòa nhà)
Occupants feel more comfortable.
✅ 5. Tự kiểm tra – 10 phút
✅ Tự kiểm tra
Nghe lại bản ghi của mình và tích những điểm bạn đã làm được. Ô tích chỉ lưu trên máy này.