🔁 1. Ôn tập – 10 phút
🔁 Ôn thẻ từ vựng đến hạn
🧠 Nhớ lại buổi trước (không xem tài liệu)
- “which in turn” – nói 1 câu.
- Part 4: chỗ trống thường là loại từ gì?
- “run-off” nghĩa là gì?
Trả lời to hoặc viết ra giấy, rồi mới mở lại buổi trước để kiểm tra.
🎧 2. Đầu vào – 25 phút
🎧 Bài nghe
A lecturer in environmental engineering talks about urban flooding and how cities are adapting (giả định)
Nghe tối đa 2 lần trước khi xem lời thoại.
📄 Xem lời thoại (sau khi làm bài)
- Lecturer
- Today I want to explain why heavy rain causes far more flooding in cities than in the countryside, and what some cities are doing about it.
- Lecturer
- The key concept is the surface. In a forest or a field, a large proportion of rainwater soaks into the ground. In a city, most surfaces – roads, roofs, car parks – are impermeable, meaning water cannot pass through them. As a result, almost all the rain becomes run-off, flowing over the surface towards drains.
- Lecturer
- This creates a chain of problems. Because the water reaches the drains so quickly, the system can be overwhelmed within minutes, which in turn causes water to back up onto streets. In many older cities, the knock-on effect is even worse, because rainwater and sewage share the same pipes. When those pipes overflow, untreated waste may be released into rivers.
- Lecturer
- Climate change is often described as the main driver of increased flooding, and heavier downpours are certainly a factor. But in many cities, a contributing factor that's just as important is the steady loss of green space as gardens are paved over for parking.
- Lecturer
- The traditional response has been to build bigger pipes. That's expensive and disruptive, and it simply moves the water somewhere else faster. So a growing number of planners now aim to slow water down and keep it where it falls.
- Lecturer
- There are several techniques. Permeable paving allows water to drain through gaps into a layer of gravel below. Green roofs – roofs covered with plants – absorb rain and release it gradually. And at a larger scale, parks can be designed with low-lying areas that fill with water during storms and empty afterwards. In the hypothetical city of Rennhaven, a sports field built this way can retain the equivalent of several swimming pools of water, while remaining usable for football most of the year.
- Lecturer
- None of these measures prevents flooding entirely. Their purpose is to reduce peak flow – the maximum amount of water reaching the drains at any one moment – so that the existing system can cope. And there's an added benefit: more green space also tends to make cities cooler in summer. In the next session, we'll look at the costs and who should pay them.
Giọng đọc là giọng máy của trình duyệt; giọng và tốc độ khác nhau tùy thiết bị. Bài thi thật dùng giọng người với nhiều giọng địa phương.
Câu 1–10: Complete the notes. ONE WORD ONLY.
- 1. City surfaces are mostly – water cannot pass through.
- 2. So most rain becomes .
- 3. Drains can be within minutes.
- 4. In older cities, rainwater and share pipes.
- 5. Overflow may release untreated waste into .
- 6. Contributing factor: loss of green space as gardens are paved for .
- 7. Permeable paving: water drains into a layer of .
- 8. Green roofs absorb rain and release it .
- 9. Aim of measures: reduce peak .
- 10. Extra benefit: cities become in summer.
✅ Câu 11–12: chọn A, B hoặc C
11. What does the lecturer say about climate change and urban flooding?
12. What is the main criticism of building bigger pipes?
🧩 3. Ngôn ngữ trọng tâm – 10 phút: chuỗi nhân quả nhiều tầng
| Cấu trúc | Ví dụ |
|---|---|
| X leads to Y, which in turn causes Z. | Paving gardens leads to more run-off, which in turn overloads drains. |
| The knock-on effect of X is… | The knock-on effect of overflowing pipes is river pollution. |
| X is the main driver of Y; Z is a contributing factor. | Heavy rain is the main driver; lost green space is a contributing factor. |
| Because X, Y; as a result, Z. | Because water arrives quickly, drains fill up; as a result, streets flood. |
Hoàn thành chuỗi
- More impermeable surfaces lead to more run-off, which in increases the risk of flooding.
- The knock- effect of the flood was a week of lost business.
- Heavy rain is the main , but poor maintenance is a contributing factor.
- Water reached the drains too quickly; as a , the system overflowed.
🎧 4. Thực hành – 20 phút
- Vẽ sơ đồ mũi tên cho chuỗi nhân quả trong đoạn 2–3 của bài giảng (8 phút).
- Giải thích miệng 1 phút chuỗi đó bằng 3 cấu trúc trong bảng (5 phút).
- Viết 3 câu về một rủi ro ở nơi làm việc của bạn theo dạng chuỗi (7 phút).
💼 Dùng ngay – giải thích một rủi ro và hệ quả trong buổi briefing (thêm 5–10 phút)
🗣️ 🗣️ Briefing rủi ro
1) Bấm 🔊 Nghe. 2) Nói theo. 3) Bấm 🎙 Ghi âm, nói, rồi ⏹ Dừng. 4) Bấm ▶ Nghe mình để so sánh.
The main risk this week is the forecast heavy rain on Thursday.
Rủi ro chính tuần này là mưa lớn dự báo vào thứ Năm.
If the loading bay floods, deliveries will be delayed, which in turn affects two client orders.
Nếu khu bốc dỡ ngập, giao hàng sẽ chậm, kéo theo ảnh hưởng hai đơn của khách.
The knock-on effect could be penalty charges under the contract.
Hệ quả dây chuyền có thể là phí phạt theo hợp đồng.
To reduce the risk, we'll clear the drains on Wednesday and move stock to higher shelves.
Để giảm rủi ro, thứ Tư sẽ dọn cống và chuyển hàng lên kệ cao.
🔒 Bản ghi âm chỉ nằm trên máy của bạn, không gửi lên mạng, và mất khi tải lại trang.
Trình duyệt này chưa hỗ trợ ghi âm. Bạn vẫn có thể nghe và nói theo.
📚 Từ vựng của buổi
- impermeable – không thấm nước
Concrete is impermeable.
- run-off – dòng chảy tràn
Run-off flows quickly into drains.
- drainage – hệ thống thoát nước
The drainage system was overwhelmed.
- absorb – hấp thụ
Plants absorb rainwater.
- retain – giữ lại
The park can retain floodwater.
- permeable paving – lát nền thấm nước
Permeable paving lets water drain through.
- green roof – mái xanh
Green roofs reduce run-off.
- wetland – vùng đất ngập nước
Wetlands store water naturally.
- knock-on effect – hệ quả dây chuyền
The delay had a knock-on effect on other orders.
- resilience – khả năng chống chịu
Green space improves a city's resilience.
✅ 5. Tự kiểm tra – 10 phút
✅ Tự kiểm tra
Nghe lại bản ghi của mình và tích những điểm bạn đã làm được. Ô tích chỉ lưu trên máy này.