🔁 1. Ôn tập – 10 phút
🔁 Ôn thẻ từ vựng đến hạn
🧠 Nhớ lại buổi trước (không xem tài liệu)
- Lập luận nhiều tầng: kể 5 tầng.
- Part 4: trước khi nghe bạn làm gì trong 45 giây?
- Danh từ của expand, reduce, provide, govern?
Trả lời to hoặc viết ra giấy, rồi mới mở lại buổi trước để kiểm tra.
🎧 2. Đầu vào – 25 phút
🎧 Bài nghe
A lecturer in urban studies gives a talk on how fast-growing cities expand (giả định)
Nghe tối đa 2 lần trước khi xem lời thoại.
📄 Xem lời thoại (sau khi làm bài)
- Lecturer
- This afternoon I want to look at how rapidly growing cities actually expand, and why the pattern of that expansion matters as much as its scale. I'll use a hypothetical city, which I'll call Marrow, as a running example.
- Lecturer
- Forty years ago, Marrow was a compact port town. Today it is home to several million people. The obvious explanation is migration from rural areas, as people move in search of work. But natural increase – that is, births exceeding deaths within the city itself – has become an equally important driver in recent decades, a point that is often overlooked.
- Lecturer
- So how has the city absorbed this growth? Broadly, in three ways. The first is densification: existing neighbourhoods simply become more crowded, with extra floors added to buildings and courtyards filled in. The second is the formal extension of the city, where planned districts with roads and drainage are built on the edge. And the third, which in Marrow accounts for the largest share of new housing, is the spread of informal settlements – homes built without official permission, often on land that is cheap precisely because it is at risk of flooding.
- Lecturer
- This third pattern creates particular problems. Because these areas develop before any planning takes place, the provision of basic services – water, sanitation, electricity – comes later, if at all, and is far more expensive to install retrospectively. There's also a problem of governance. Residents often lack legal title to their land, which makes them reluctant to invest in improving their homes, since they could, in theory, be evicted.
- Lecturer
- A further feature of Marrow's growth is what planners call peri-urban sprawl: a zone on the fringes that is neither clearly urban nor rural, where factories, small farms and housing are mixed together. Commuting from these areas into the centre can take several hours, partly because public transport networks were designed for a much smaller city.
- Lecturer
- What can be done? One approach that has attracted attention is sometimes called 'planning ahead of settlement' – the authorities lay out a simple grid of roads and plots before people arrive, so that services can be added cheaply later. It's not glamorous, and it does nothing for existing neighbourhoods, but evidence from several regions suggests it can substantially reduce long-term costs. The second approach is the regularisation of land tenure – giving residents secure rights to the land they already occupy – which tends to encourage investment in housing improvement. In the next session, we'll examine the financing of these schemes.
Giọng đọc là giọng máy của trình duyệt; giọng và tốc độ khác nhau tùy thiết bị. Bài thi thật dùng giọng người với nhiều giọng địa phương.
Câu 1–10: Complete the notes. ONE WORD ONLY.
- 1. Drivers of growth: rural migration and natural (often overlooked).
- 2. Pattern 1: – existing areas become more crowded.
- 3. Pattern 2: formal with planned districts on the edge.
- 4. Pattern 3: informal settlements – largest share of new .
- 5. Informal land often cheap because of risk of .
- 6. Basic services cost more to install .
- 7. Governance problem: residents lack legal to land.
- 8. Peri-urban sprawl: factories, small farms and housing together.
- 9. Solution 1: plan a grid of roads and before people arrive.
- 10. Solution 2: of land tenure.
✅ Câu 11–12: chọn A, B hoặc C
11. What does the lecturer say about natural increase?
12. What limitation of 'planning ahead of settlement' does the lecturer mention?
🧩 3. Ngôn ngữ trọng tâm – 10 phút: danh từ hóa (nominalisation)
| Câu thường (động từ) | Câu học thuật (danh từ hóa) |
|---|---|
| The city expanded rapidly, so services were provided late. | The rapid expansion of the city led to the late provision of services. |
| Residents cannot be sure they will keep their land, so they invest less. | Insecurity of tenure discourages investment by residents. |
| Prices fell sharply. | There was a sharp fall in prices. |
👉 Danh từ hóa giúp câu gọn, khách quan – nhưng lạm dụng làm bài khó đọc. Trong Task 2, dùng xen kẽ câu động từ và câu danh từ hóa.
Danh từ hóa
- Cities grew quickly. → The rapid of cities…
- The council failed to plan. → The council's to plan…
- Residents were evicted. → The of residents…
- Commuting times increased. → An in commuting times…
🎧 4. Thực hành – 20 phút
- Nghe lại, mở lời thoại: gạch mọi cụm danh từ hóa (ít nhất 8) và viết lại 3 cụm thành câu có động từ (10 phút).
- Chép chính tả đoạn “This third pattern creates particular problems…” (5 phút).
- Tóm tắt miệng 90 giây theo cấu trúc: drivers → three patterns → problems → two solutions (5 phút).
💼 Dùng ngay – tóm tắt một buổi trình bày kỹ thuật cho đồng nghiệp (thêm 5–10 phút)
🗣️ 🗣️ Tóm tắt dễ hiểu
1) Bấm 🔊 Nghe. 2) Nói theo. 3) Bấm 🎙 Ghi âm, nói, rồi ⏹ Dừng. 4) Bấm ▶ Nghe mình để so sánh.
In a nutshell, the main issue is that services are being added after people move in, which is far more expensive.
Tóm lại, vấn đề chính là dịch vụ được bổ sung sau khi người dân đã đến ở, tốn kém hơn nhiều.
The presenter suggested two fixes – planning ahead, and giving residents secure land rights.
Người trình bày đề xuất hai cách – quy hoạch trước và cấp quyền sử dụng đất ổn định.
What's relevant for us is the second point, because it affects our project timeline.
Điều liên quan đến chúng ta là ý thứ hai, vì nó ảnh hưởng tiến độ dự án.
I've put the slides in the shared folder if anyone wants the detail.
Tôi đã để slide trong thư mục chung nếu ai cần chi tiết.
🔒 Bản ghi âm chỉ nằm trên máy của bạn, không gửi lên mạng, và mất khi tải lại trang.
Trình duyệt này chưa hỗ trợ ghi âm. Bạn vẫn có thể nghe và nói theo.
📚 Từ vựng của buổi
- urbanisation – đô thị hóa
Rapid urbanisation puts pressure on services.
- informal settlement – khu dân cư tự phát
Informal settlements often lack drainage.
- sprawl – sự lan rộng tràn lan (đô thị)
Urban sprawl increases commuting times.
- density – mật độ
High density can make public transport efficient.
- infrastructure – cơ sở hạ tầng
Infrastructure was designed for a smaller city.
- peri-urban – ven đô
Peri-urban areas mix farms and factories.
- migration – di cư
Rural migration drove early growth.
- expansion – sự mở rộng
The expansion of the city was unplanned.
- provision – sự cung cấp
The provision of water came late.
- governance – quản trị
Weak governance slowed improvements.
✅ 5. Tự kiểm tra – 10 phút
✅ Tự kiểm tra
Nghe lại bản ghi của mình và tích những điểm bạn đã làm được. Ô tích chỉ lưu trên máy này.